Description: Preface Synopsis Section I. The Comparative Biology of Senescence 1. Introduction 1.1 The Agenda 1.2 Definitions and Concepts 1.3 Sources of Information and Experimental Approaches 1.4 Mortality Rates and Lifespans 1.5 Evolution and the Relationships between Reproduction and Senescence 1.6 Summary 2 Rapid Senescence and Sudden Death 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Developmental Determinants of Rapid Senescence 2.3 Reproduction-related Rapid Senescence and Sudden Death 3. Gradual Senescence with Definite Lifespan 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Clonal Senescence in Ciliates 3.3 Plants and Invertebrates 3.4 Fish and Lower Vertebrates 3.5 Birds 3.6 Mammals 3.7 Summary 4. Negligible Senescence 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Indeterminante Lifespans and Negligible Senescence 4.3 Finite Lifespans with Negligible Senescence 4.4 Vegetative Reproduction by Somatic Cell Cloning 4.5 Summary of Chapters 2-4 5. Rates of Living and Dying: Correlations of Lifespan with Size, Metabolic Rates, and Cellular and Biochemical Characteristics 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Correlations of Body Size and Metabolic Rates 5.3 Lifespan, Size, and Metabolism 5.4 Cellular and Biochemical Correlations with Lifespan 5.5 Summary 6. Genetic Influences on Lifespan, Mortality Rates, and Age-related Diseases 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The Nematode Caenorhabditis 6.3 Insects 6.4 Fungi and Plants 6.5 Mammals 6.6 Summary Section II. Genomic Functions during Senescence 7. Gene Expression and Macromolecular Biosynthesis 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Caveats and Perspectives 7.3 Differential Gene Expression 7.4 RNA and Protein Synthesis 7.5 Post-translational Modifications 7.6 Cell Proliferation and DNA Synthesis 7.7 Cell Death 7.8 Memories and Gene Expression 7.9 Summary 8. Fidelity and Maintenance of Genomic DNA and Its Replication during Senescence 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Somatic Cells and Age-related Modifications of Genetic Structure 8.3 Cancer and Age-related Genetic Changes 8.4 Plasmids and Episomes in Somatic Cells 8.5 Parental Age and Abnormalities in Gametogenesis, Fertility, and Development 8.6 Summary 9. Developmental Influences on Lifespan and Senescence 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Influences on Total Lifespan through Variable Durations of Developmental Stages 9.3 Developmental Influences on Patterns of Senescence 9.4 Developmental Determinants of Regeneration and Cell Renewal 9.5 Summary 10. Postmaturational Influences on the Phenotypes of Senescence 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Ambient Temperature and Lifespan 10.3 Diet and Caloric Restriction 10.4 Sex Hormones 10.5 Stress and Corticosteroids 10.6 Costs of Reproduction and Accelerated Senescence 10.7 Immunological Changes and Hormones 10.8 Hypophysectomy 10.9 The Biomarker Problem: How to Measure Influences on Senescence 10.10 Summary 11. Phylogeny and Evolutionary Changes in Longevity and Senescence 11.1 Introduction 11.2 An Outline of Evolution and a Discussion of Early Biochemical and Molecular Changes 11.3 Examples of Phylogenetic Variations in Senescence and Longevity 11.4 Factors in the Evolution of Senescence and Longevity 11.5 Summary 12. Genome Mechanisms in the Biology of Extended Time 12.1 Introduction 12.2 The Agenda Revisited 12.3 Exogenous Factors, Endogenous Factors, and Cascades 12.4 Types of Genetic Influence on the Lifespan 12.5 Aging in the Biology of Extended Time Appendix 1 Appendix 2 Appendix 3 Glossary Bibliography Author Index Species Index Subject Index

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