Description: 1. Introduction.- 2. Brain Imaging Studies of Autism.- 3. Regulation of Neuritic Extension.- 4. Transplantation and Cellular Replacement Therap.- References.- I. BASIC NEUROSCIENCE CONSIDERATIONS.- 1. Molecular Neurobiology and Disorders of Brain Development.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Mendelian Genetics.- 3. DNA, RNA, and Protein.- 4. DNA Cloning.- 5. Applications of Molecular Biology for Child Psychiatry.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- 2. Neurotransmitter Assessment in Neuropsychiatric Disorders of Childhood.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Review of Past Findings.- 3. Methodology.- 4. Future Directions.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- 3. Role of the GABA-Benzodiazepine Receptor Complex in Stress: In Vivo Approaches and Potential Relevance to Childhood Psychopathology.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Structural and Functional Considerations of the Benzodiazepine-GABA Receptor Complex.- 3. Genetic Strain Differences and Environmental Stress-Induced Alterations in the Benzodiazepine-GABA Receptor Complex.- 4. In Vivo Approach to the Measurement of Benzodiazepine Receptor Binding and Stress-Induced Alterations with Radiolabeled Rol5-1788.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- 4. Brain Recognition Sites for Methylphenidate and the Amphetamines: Their Relationship to the Dopamine Transport Complex, Glucoreceptors, and Serotonergic Neurotransmission in the Central Nervous System.- 1. Neuropharmacology of Stimulants.- 2. Stimulant Recognition Sites Associated with the Brain Dopamine Uptake Complex: Potential Probes of Presynaptic Dopaminergic Neurotransmission in Human Psychopathology.- 3. Stimulant Recognition Sites Associated with Brain Glucoreceptors and Neuronal (Na+, K+)-ATPase.- 4. Brain Recognition Sites for Stimulants That Influence Serotonergic Neurotransmission.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- 5. Neuropeptide Modulation of Development and Behavior: Implications for Psychopathology.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Organizational Endocrine/Peptide Influence.- 3. ?3-Endorphin and Birth.- 4. ?3-Endorphin and Birth Complications.- 5. Behavior of Animals Exposed Perinatally to ?3-Endorphin.- 6. Enduring Brain/Behavior Complications Related to Hypoxia.- 7. Patients with SIB Have Elevated Concentrations of ?3-Endorphin in CSF and Plasm.- 8. Treatment of SIB with Opiate Antagonists.- 9. Conclusion.- 10. Models Extending the Implications.- References.- 6. Drug Discrimination Studies in Animals: A Behavioral Approach to Understanding the Role of Neurotransmitter Receptor Complexes in Mediating Drug Effects.- 1. Animal Models in Behavioral Pharmacology.- 2. Animal Models of Depression.- 3. Drug Discrimination in Behavioral Pharmacology.- 4. The Drug Discrimination Procedure.- 5. Implications of Drug Discrimination.- 6. Exteroceptive versus Interoceptive Stimuli.- 7. Drug Discrimination with Conditioned Taste Aversions.- 8. PCP as a Discriminative Stimulus in Taste Aversions.- 9. Drug Discrimination with Naloxone.- References.- 7. The Platelet as a Peripheral Model of Serotonergic Function in Child Psychiatry.- 1. Introduction.- 2. [3H]Imipramine Binding Sites.- 3. [3H]Imipramine Binding in Affective Disorders.- 4. [3H]Imipramine Binding and Serotonin Uptake in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.- 5. Platelet Imipramine Binding in Conduct Disorder.- 6. Imipramine Binding and Serotonin Uptake in Schizophrenia and Autism.- 7. Imipramine Binding and Serotonin Uptake in Enuresis.- References.- 8. Neuroendocrine Abnormalities in Autism and Schizophrenic Disorder of Childhood.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Neuroendocrinology of Schizophrenia.- 3. Neuroendocrinology of Autism.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 9. Autoimmune Dysfunction in Neurodevelopmental Disorders of Childhood.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Alterations in Immune Responsiveness.- 3. Alterations in Self/Non-Self Recognition.- References.- 10. Nonketotic Hyperglycinemia: A Paradigm for the Application of Neuroscience to the Understanding and Treatment of a Developmental Disorder.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Biochemical Considerations of Nonketotic Hyperglycinemia.- 3. Heterogeneity of Clinical Expression: Nonketotic Hyperglycinemia as a Cause of Unexplained Developmental Delay.- 4. Therapeutic Interventions in Nonketotic Hyperglycinemia.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- II. APPLICATION TO SPECIFIC CLINICAL DISORDERS.- 11. Genetic Causes of Autism and the Pervasive Developmental Disorders.- 1. Introduction: Genetic Research on Autism and the Pervasive Developmental Disorders.- 2. Elements Basic to Clinical Genetic Research.- 3. Congenital Etiologies of Autism: Prenatal, Perinatal, and Postnatal Hazards and Obstacles to the Differentiation of Their Genetic and Nongenetic Origins.- 4. Chromosomal Abnormalities in Autism.- 5. Single Gene Disorders Associated with the Autistic Syndrome.- 6. Simple Mendelian versus Polygenic, Multifactorial Etiologies: Twin Studies and Familial Aggregation Research on Autism and the Pervasive Developmental Disorders.- 7. Potential Biological Markers for Autism.- 8. Linkage Analysis Research: Gene Mapping and the Pervasive Developmental Disorders.- 9. Progress Achieved and Anticipated.- References.- 12. Biological Studies of Schizophrenia with Childhood Onset.- 1. Introduction and Definition.- 2. Epidemiology.- 3. Studies Pertaining to the Central Nervous System.- 4. Laboratory Studies.- 5. Psychological Testing.- 6. Neurophysiological and Neuropsychological Studies.- 7. Clinical Presentation and Treatment Response.- 8. Studies of Children at Risk of Developing Schizophrenia.- 9. Comments and Some Directions for Future Investigations.- References.- 13. Biological Studies of Attention-Deficit Disorder.- 1. Dopamine Theory.- 2. Noradrenergic Hypothesis.- 3. Serotonergic Hypothesis.- 4. Other Neurotransmitter Systems Implicated in the Pathophysiology or Pharmacotherapy of Attention-Deficit Disorder.- References.- 14. Biochemical and Genetic Studies of Tourette''s Syndrome: Implications for Treatment and Future Research.- 1. Overview.- 2. Natural History.- 3. Family and Twin Studies.- 4. Neuroanatomical Correlates.- 5. Pathophysiologic Mechanisms.- 6. Conclusion.- References.- 15. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Neurologic and Neuroanatomic Perspectives.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Association with Cerebral Insult.- 3. Evidence from Tourette''s Syndrome.- 4. Neurological and Neuropsychological Findings.- 5. Electroencephalography.- 6. Computed Tomography.- 7. Positron-Emission Tomography.- 8. Integrating the Evidence.- 9. Future Directions.- References.- 16. Neurochemical and Neuroendocrine Considerations of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders in Childhood.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Serotonin.- 3. Other Neurotransmitters.- 4. Neuroendocrine Aspects of OCD.- 5. Hormone Treatment.- 6. Other Hormonal Systems.- 7. Animal Grooming and ACTH.- 8. Basal Ganglia Dysfunction in OCD.- 9. Basal Ganglia Model.- References.- 17. The Genetics of Affective Disorder.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Evidence for Genetic Etiology of Affective Disorders.- 3. Family Studies.- 4. Linkage Studies.- 5. Future Directions.- 6. Summary.- References.- 18. Biochemical Correlates of Auto-Aggressive Behavior: Inferences from the Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Clinical Description.- 3. Biochemical Studies.- 4. Biochemical Pathogenesis of the Central Nervous System Manifestations.- 5. Experimental Approaches to Therapy.- 6. Future Directions.- References.- 19. Biochemical Studies of Suicide.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Postmortem Findings in Suicide Victims.- 3. CSF Studies of Suicide Attempters.- 4. Peripheral Studies in Suicide Attempters.- 5. Neuroendocrine Studies.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- 20. Relationship of Down''s Syndrome to Alzheimer''s Disease.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Delayed and Abnormal Brain Development in Down''s Syndrome.- 3. Dementia and Neuropathology in Alzheimer''s Disease.- 4. Alzheimer Neuropathology in Down''s Syndrome.- 5. Dementia in Down''s Syndrome.- 6. Relationship between Neuropathology and Dementia in Down''s Syndrome.- 7. Neurochemical Abnormalities and Dementia.- 8. Metabolic and Other Abnormalities.- 9. Aging.- 10. Genetic Factors.- 11. Conclusions.- References.- III. EVALUATION, DRUG DEVELOPMENT, AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS.- 21. Neuropsychological Evaluation of Children.- 1. Issues in Clinical Child Neuropsychology.- 2. Distinguishing Features of Child Neuropsychology.- 3. The Evaluation Procedure.- 4. Case Studies.- 5. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 22. Evaluation of the Violent Adolescent.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Neurologic History.- 3. Neurologic Examination.- 4. Electroencephalogram, Epilepsy, Complex Partial Seizures, Postictal State, and Violence.- 5. Neuropsychological Testing.- 6. Positron-Emission Tomography.- 7. Summary.- References.- 23. Novel Drug Development in the Developmental Disorders.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Developmental Disorders.- 3. Autism: Neuropsychological, Neurophysiological, and Neurobiological Correlates.- 4. Framework for Drug Development in the Developmental Disorders.- 5. Prototypic Agents for the Developmental Disorders.- 6. Comments on Clinical Trials in Autism.- References.- 24. Ethical Issues in Research in Child Psychiatry.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Therapeutic and Nontherapeutic Research.- 3. Are Children the Best or Only Possible Subjects'.- 4. What Are "Minimal Risks" for Children'.- 5. Legal and Moral Boundaries of Parental Authority.- 6. Assent, Consent, and Permission: The Child''s Role.- 7. Conclusions.- References.

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