Description: Each chapter ends with Questions and Problems.Foreword by Carl SaganPrefacePreface to the First Edition1. Introduction1.1: The Cronus Syndrome1.2: On the Quality of Life1.3: Global Change and Preservation1.4: Methodology for StudyPart I. Fundamentals2. Air: The Medium of Change2.1: What Is Air?2.1.1: Sensing Air2.1.2: The Basic Ingredients2.1.3: The Basic Properties2.2: A Short History of Discovery2.2.1: The Air Revealed2.2.2: The Mechanics of Air2.3: The Structure of the Atmosphere2.3.1: How Much Air Is There?2.3.2: Temperature Profiles2.3.3: The Stratification of the Atmosphere2.4: Air in Motion2.4.1: Local Winds and Weather2.4.2: Global Wind Systems3. Basic Physical and Chemical Principles3.1: The Mechanical Behavior of Gases and Particles3.1.1: Gas Laws and Hydrostatics3.1.2: Particles in Suspension3.1.3: Clouds and Precipitation3.2: Radiation and Energy3.2.1: Sunlight and Heat3.2.2: Scattering and Absorption3.2.3: Common Optical Effects3.3: Chemistry and the Environment3.3.1: Symbols and Terminology3.3.2: Properties of Common Substances3.3.3: The Mechanisms of Chemical Reactions3.3.4: Basic Chemical Reactions4. The Evolution of Earth4.1: The Origin of the Earth4.1.1: Early Evolutionary Phases4.1.2: Box Models for Earth Reservoirs4.1.3: The Prebiotic Atmosphere4.2: The Coevolution of the Environment and Life4.2.1: The Evolution of Life Processes4.2.2: Ancient Organisms and Greenhouse Gases4.2.3: Photosynthesis and the Ozone Layer4.3: The Mass Extinction of Life4.3.1: Fossil History4.3.2: The Dinosaurs: A Lesson in Longevity4.3.3: Goddess Gaia and Homeostasis4.4: The Coevolution of Intelligence and Pollution4.4.1: Population and TechnologyPart II. Local and Regional Pollution Issues5. Sources and Dispersion of Pollutants5.1: The Source of the Problem5.1.1: What to Call Pollutants?5.1.2: Distributed and Point Sources5.1.3: Size Scales of Dispersion5.2: The Dispersion of Pollutants5.2.1: Diffusion and Turbulence5.2.2: Convection and Lofting5.2.3: Advection and Long-Range Transport5.3: Temperature Inversions5.3.1: Temperatures in the Lower Atmosphere5.3.2: Atmospheric Stability5.3.3: Large-Scale Inversions5.4: Plumes of Pollution5.4.1: Smokestack Plumes5.4.2: Ground Plumes5.4.3: Urban Heat Islands5.5: Regional Dispersion of Pollutants5.5.1: In Coastal Zones5.5.2: Near Mountain Barriers6. Smog: The Urban Syndrome6.1: The History of Smog6.1.1: Air Pollution and Poets6.1.2: London Smog6.1.3: Los Angeles Smog6.2: Primary and Secondary Pollutants6.2.1: The Basic Ingredients6.2.2: Clean and Dirty Air6.3: Smog Scenarios: A Typical Polluted Day6.3.1: Carbon Monoxide6.3.2: Nitrogen Dioxide6.3.3: Ozone6.4: Dissecting Smog6.4.1: The Evolution of Smoggy Air6.4.2: Trends in Air Pollution6.5: Haze and Visibility6.5.1: Total Suspended Particulate6.5.2: Seeing through Air6.5.3: Acid Particles and Fog6.6: Controlling Smog: Everyone''s Job6.6.1: Reducing Emissions of Primary Pollutants6.6.2: Alternative Fuels6.6.3: Lifestyles for Health and Survival7. Effects of Exposure to Pollution7.1: How Pollutants Affect Health7.1.1: The Discovery of Toxicity7.1.2: The Physiology of Toxicity7.2: The Toxic Effects of Air Pollutants7.2.1: Common Ingredients of Smog7.2.2: Eye Irritants7.2.3: Organic Vapors7.2.4: Problem Particles7.2.5: Persistent Environmental Toxins7.3: Radioactivity7.3.1: Stability of the Elements7.3.2: Sources of Radioactivity7.3.3: The Physiological Effects of Radioactivity7.4: Assessment of Health Risks7.4.1: Defining the Threat7.4.2: Risks and Benefits of Pollution7.4.3: Box Models for Risk Assessment7.4.4: Urban Smog: A Case Study7.5: Limiting Risk8. Indoor Air Pollution8.1.: What Are "Indoor" Air Pollutants?8.1.1: The Special Character of Indoor Pollution8.1.2: Indoor Pollution and the News8.2: Radon: Mother and Daughters8.2.1: Poison from the Earth8.2.2: Radon Exposure and Its Effects8.3: Formaldehyde8.3.1: Embalmers'' Fluid8.3.2: Formaldehyde''s Impacts on Health8.4: Tobacco Smoke8.4.1: Composition of Tobacco Smoke8.4.2: Tobacco Smoke''s Effects on Health8.4.3: Smoke and Mirrors8.5: Other Indoor Pollutants8.5.1: Biogenic Pollutants8.5.2: Indoor Water Pollution8.6: Indoor Versus Outdoor Pollution8.6.1: Is It Safe to Go Indoors?8.6.2: Making Indoors Safe9. Acid Rain9.1: The Tainted Rain9.2: Acidity and pH9.2.1: The pH Scale9.2.2: Acids in Water9.2.3: Alkalinity: The Acid Buffer9.3: Sources of Environmental Acids9.3.1: How Acid Is Acid Rain?9.3.2: Sulfur Oxides and Acid Rain9.3.3: Nitrogen Oxides and Acid Rain9.4: Acid Fog9.5: The Costs of Excess Acidity9.5.1: Dying Forests and Lakes9.5.2: A Potpourri of Destruction9.5.3: Health Implications9.6: Controlling Acid Rain and FogPart III. Global-Scale Pollution IssuesCarbon Dioxide and the Greenhouse EffectOzone Depletion and the Ozone HoleClimate Change Caused by Nuclear War: Nuclear WinterThe Relationship between Population and Pollution10. Global Biogeochemical Cycles10.1: The Grand Chemical Cycles of Earth10.1.1: Reservoirs in the Earth System10.1.2: Simple Reservoir Models10.2: Biogeochemical Cycles of the Primary Elements10.2.1: Sulfur10.2.2: Nitrogen10.2.3: Oxygen10.2.4: Carbon10.3: The Hydrological Cycle10.4: A Global Garbage Dump?11. The Climate Machine11.1: Weather and Climate11.2: Energy from the Sun11.2.1: Solar Illumination11.2.2: The Four Seasons11.3: The Temperature of Earth11.3.1: Sunlight In, Earthglow Out11.3.2: An Energy Balance Model11.3.3: The Temperatures of the Planets11.4: The Greenhouse Effect11.4.1: Atmospheric Band Absorption11.4.2: Radiation Emission from the Earth11.4.3: Clouds and Radiation11.4.4: The Greenhouse Energy Balance11.5: Energy Reservoirs: The Climate Flywheel11.5.1: Reservoirs for Heat11.5.2: Ice: The Cool Reservoir11.5.3: A Coupled Climate System11.6: Causes of Climate Change11.6.1: Climate Variability11.6.2: Solar Variability: External Forcing11.6.3: Ice Ages11.6.4: Volcanic Eruptions11.6.5: The Albedo Effect11.7: The Vulnerability of Life to a Changing Climate11.7.1: Modern Society and Climate11.7.2: Do We Need Climate Insurance?12. Greenhouse Warming12.1: Greenhouse Gases12.1.1: The Greenhouse Culprits: A Rogue''s Gallery12.1.2: Water Vapor: Innocent Bystander or Good Samaritan?12.2: Carbon Dioxide12.2.1: Increasing CO[2: What Is the Cause?12.2.2: The Problem with Energy Addiction12.3: Other Greenhouse Gases12.3.1: Methane12.3.2: Nitrous Oxide12.3.3: Chlorofluorocarbons12.3.4: Ozone12.4: the Warming Effect of Greenhouse Gases12.4.1: Climate History and the Greenhouse Effect12.4.2: Recent Temperature Trends12.4.3: Forecasts of Greenhouse Warming12.4.4: Uncertainty Is the Future12.4: Solutions?12.5.1: Recyclable Fuels12.5.2: Alternative Energy Sources12.5.3: Climate Correction: Endangering the Environment13. The Stratospheric Ozone Layer13.1: The Ozone Shield13.2: The Formation and Destruction of Ozone13.2.1: The Photochemistry of Ozone13.2.2: The Destruction of Catalytic Ozone13.3: The Distribution of Ozone in the Atmosphere13.3.1: Dobson Units: Ozone Overhead13.3.2: How Much Ozone Is There?13.4: Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation13.4.1: Regions of the Ultraviolet Spectrum13.4.2: Health Effects of UV-B Radiation13.4.3: Environmental Effects of UV-B Radiation13.5: Threats Against Ozone13.5.1: A Litany of Threats13.5.2: Chlorine13.5.3: Nitrogen Oxides and Ozone Change13.5.4: Bromine and the Halons13.6: Forecasts of Global Ozone Depletion13.6.1: Scenarios and Projections13.6.2: Signature of the Culprit13.7: The Ozone Hole13.7.1: Discovery13.7.2: The Polar Vortex13.7.3: Polar Stratospheric Clouds13.7.4: Ozone Depletion: The Hole Story13.7.5: A Global Ozone Disaster?13.8: Solutions and Actions13.8.1: The Montreal Protocol13.8.2: Saving the Earth''s Ozone Layer14. Global Environmental Engineering14.1: What Is Global Environmental Engineering?14.1.1: Living Thermostats: Natural Compensation14.1.2: Planetary Engineering14.2: Technological Traps14.2.1: Nuclear Winter14.2.2: Carbon Dioxide14.2.3: Chlorofluorocarbons14.3: Technological Cures14.3.1: Preventing Armageddon14.3.2: Cooling Down the Greenhouse14.3.3: Fixing the Ozone Shield14.4: A Rational Approach to Environmental ManagementAppendix A. Scientific Notation, Units, and ConstantsA.1: Scientific NotationApplications of Scientific NotationLarge and Small NumbersUsing Mixing RatiosA.2: The Metric System: Units and ConversionsCommon Units of MeasureManipulation of Dimensions and UnitsA.3: Physical and Mathematical ConstantsPhysical Constants (and Their Common Symbols)Mathematical ConstantsA.4: Mathematical OperationsSquares and Square RootsHigher PowersExponentials and LogarithmsAlgebraic EquationsInequalitiesAppendix B. Demonstrations of Common Natural PhenomenaDemonstration 1: Light Scattering by Small ParticlesBackgroundExperimental ProcedureDemonstration 2: Gas-to-Particle Conversion in SmogBackgroundExperimental ProcedureDemonstration 3: Atmospheric Pressure and Water Vapor CondensationBackgroundExperimental ProcedureDemonstration 4: Acid Rain FormationBackgroundExperimental ProcedureAppendix C. Radiation NomenclatureIndex:

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