Description: Preface. VARIETIES OF ENGLISH. Regional Variation: Words and Sounds. Regional Variation: Grammar and Areas. American and British Words and Grammar. American and British Sounds and Spellings. Standard and Nonstandard English (1). Standard and Nonstandard English (2). Stylistic Variety. Divided Usage. Historical Varieties. Black English Nouns. Omitted and Invariant BE. Indirect Question Patterns. Conditions; Slang Vocabulary. Black English Exemplified. ELEMENTS OF GRAMMAR. Subject and Predicate. Operators and Predications. Auxiliaries and the Operator. Sentence Elements (1). Objects and Complements. Sentence Elements (2). Verb Categories: Intensive and Extensive. Verb Categories: Dynamic and Stative. Categories of Adverbial. Types of Sentence Structure. Parts of Speech. Types of Structure (1). Realization of Verb Elements. Types of Structure (2). Realization of Other Sentence Elements. Pro-Forms. Wh-Questions. Yes-no Questions. Negation and Nonassertion. THE VERB PHRASE. Types of Verb. Verbal Forms. Regular Lexical Verbs. Pronouncing the -s and -ed Forms. Spelling Verbal Forms. Irregular Lexical Verbs. Auxiliary Verbs. Finite and Nonfinite Verb Phrases. Tense, Aspect, and Voice. Aspect, Voice, and Mood. Present Time. Past Time. Verbal Meaning and the Progressive. Future Time. The Subjunctive Mood. Forms of the Modal Auxiliaries. Uses of the Modal Auxiliaries. NOUNS, PRONOUNS, AND THE BASIC NOUN PHRASE. Nouns and the Noun Phrase. Count and Noncount Nouns. Determiners, Predeterminers, Postdeterminers. Quantifiers. Specific and Generic Reference. Use of the Articles. Proper Names. Number: Subject Concord, Invariable Nouns. Noun Plurals. Gender. Form and Meaning of the Genitive. Uses of the Genitive. Central Pronouns. Relatives, Interrogatives, Demonstratives. Universal Pronouns. Partitive Pronouns; General Quantifiers. One and Numerals. Pronouns. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS. Characteristics of the Adjective. Adjective Phrases. Syntactic Functions of Adjectives (1). Syntactic Functions of Adjectives (2). Syntactic Subclassification of Adjectives. Semantic Subclassification of Adjectives. Characteristics of the Adverb. Adverb Phrases. Adverbs as Adverbials. Adverbs as Modifiers or Complements. Functions of the Adverb. Comparison and Gradability. Basis of Comparison. Markedness and Modification. Adjectives and Adverbs. Adjectives, Adverbs, and Nouns. Adjectives, Adverbs, and Other Word Classes. PREPOSITIONS AND PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES. Prepositional Phases. Prepositional Phrases and Other Structures. Postposed Prepositions. Prepositions, Adverbs, and Modifiers. Syntactic Functions of Prepositional Phrases. Multiple Prepositional Phrases. Prepositional Meanings. THE SIMPLE SENTENCE. Simple and Complex Sentences. Clause Types. Transformational Relations. Clause Elements. Semantic Roles. Subject Roles. Object Roles and Subject Priorities. Summary of Roles (1). Summary of Roles (2). Subject-Verb Concord (1). Subject-Verb Concord (2). Subject-Complement and Pronoun Concord. Vocatives. Negation (1). Nonassertive Forms and Negative Intensification. Negation (2). Scope of Negation. Focus of Negation. Statements, Questions, Commands, Exclamations. Yes-No Questions. Tag Questions and Declarative Questions. Wh- Questions. Alternative Questions. Exclamatory and Rhetorical Questions. Commands. Exclamations. Formulas and Aphoristic Sentences. Block Language. Headline English. ADJUNCTS, DISJUNCTS, CONJUNCTS. Adverbial Structures and Positions. Viewpoint Adjuncts and Intensifiers. Focusing Adjuncts. Process Adjuncts. Subject Adjuncts. Place Adjuncts. Time Adjuncts. Subclassification of Adjuncts. Questions about Adjuncts. Positions of Adjuncts. Adjuncts, Disjuncts, and Conjuncts. Disjuncts. Conjuncts. COORDINATION AND APPOSITION. Ellipsis. Coordination and Subordination. Semantic Implications of Coordinators. Correlatives; Adverbial Focus. Ellipsis in Coordinated Clauses. Phrasal Coordination. Order in Coordination. Segregatory and Combinatory Coordination

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