Description: 1: Introduction1.1: The Phenomena of Helplessness and Personal Control1.2: The Theory of Learned Helplessness1.3: Three Uses of "Learned Helplessness"1.4: Learned Helplessness: Inward, Downward, and Outward1.5: Why Learned Helplessness Has Been Controversial1.6: Why Learned Helplessness Has Been Popular2: Learned Helplessness in Animals2.1: Learned Helplessness Theory2.2: The Controversy2.3: Contiguity Versus Contingency2.4: Representation and Expectation2.5: What We Know2.6: What We Don't Know3: The Biology of Learned Helplessness3.1: Norepinephrine3.2: Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid3.3: Endogenous Opiates3.4: Transmitters, Neuromodulators, and Hormones3.5: Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone (CRH)3.6: Issues Omitted3.7: What We Know3.8: What We Don't Know4: Learned Helplessness in People4.1: Criteria of Learned Helplessness4.2: Operationalizing Learned Helplessness in the Laboratory4.3: A Meta-Analysis of Human Helplessness Studies4.4: Other Aspects of Human Helplessness4.5: The Generality of Learned Helplessness Among People4.6: Cognition and Self-Report4.7: Other Explanations4.8: What We Know4.9: What We Don't Know5: The Attributional Reformulation5.1: Historical Background: Attribution Theory and Theorizing5.2: Causal Explanations and Locus of Control5.3: The Reformulated Learned Helplessness Model5.4: Assessing Explanatory Style5.5: Empirical Studies of Explanatory Style5.6: What We Know5.7: What We Don't Know6: Learned Helplessness and Depression6.1: What Is Depression?6.2: The Reformulation of the Learned Helplessness Model of Depression6.3: Modernity and Depression6.4: Controversies6.5: What We Know6.6: What We Don't Know7: Learned Helplessness and Social Problems7.1: Survey of Applications7.2: What We Know7.3: What We Don't Know8: Learned Helplessness and Physical Health8.1: Some Groundrules8.2: Risk Factors for Illness8.3: Mechanisms8.4: Health and Illness in Animals Versus People8.5: What We Know8.6: What We Don't Know9: Epilogue9.1: A Brief History of Choices9.2: The Importance of Control9.3: Learned Helplessness as a Model of Scientific Dispute and Progress9.4: Learned Helplessness and the Age of Personal Control9.5: Optimism Institutes

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