Description: Preface xxvi Professional Acknowledgments xxix Foreword to Students xxxi WRITING ABOUT LITERATURE. I. Why Write about Literature? II. For Whom Do You Write? III. Two Basic Approaches. 1. Explication. 2. Analysis. IV. Choosing a Topic. 1. Papers That Focus on a Single Literary Work. 2. Papers of Comparison and Contrast. 3. Papers on a Number of Works by a Single Author. 4. Papers on a Number of Works with Some Feature Other than Authorship in Common. V. Proving Your Point. VI. Writing the Paper. VII. Writing In-Class Essays or Essay Tests. VIII. Introducing Quotations. 1. Principles and Guidelines. IX. Documentation. 1. Textual Documentation. 2. Parenthetical Documentation. 3. Documentation by Works Cited. 4. Documentation of Electronic Sources. X. Stance and Style. XI. Grammar, Punctuation, and Usage: Common Problems. 1. Grammar. 2. Punctuation. 3. Usage. XII. Writing Samples. 1. Fiction Explication. 2. Fiction Analysis. 3. Poetry Explication. 4. Poetry Analysis. 5. Drama Explication. 6. Drama Analysis. Fiction. THE ELEMENTS OF FICTION. 1. Reading the Story. Reviewing Chapter One. Richard Connell, "The Most Dangerous Game." Tobias Wolff, "Hunters in the Snow." Suggestions for Writing. Understanding and Evaluating Fiction. 2. Plot and Structure. Reviewing Chapter Two. Graham Greene, "The Destructors." Alice Munro, "How I Met My Husband." Kazuo Ishiguro, "A Family Supper." Suggestions for Writing. 3. Characterization. Reviewing Chapter Three. Alice Walker, "Everyday Use." Katherine Mansfield, "Miss Brill." James Baldwin, "Sonny''s Blues." James Joyce, "Araby." Suggestions for Writing. 4. Theme. Reviewing Chapter Four. F. Scott Fitzgerald, "Babylon Revisited." Anton Chekhov, "Misery." Eudora Welty, "A Worn Path." Nadine Gordimer, "Once upon a Time." Suggestions for Writing. 5. Point of View. Reviewing Chapter Five. Willa Cather, "Paul''s Case." Shirley Jackson, "The Lottery." Katherine Anne Porter, "The Jilting of Granny Weatherall." Ernest Hemingway, "Hills Like White Elephants." Suggestions for Writing. 6. Symbol, Allegory, and Fantasy. Reviewing Chapter Six. Nathaniel Hawthorne, "Young Goodman Brown." Charlotte Perkins Gilman, "The Yellow Wallpaper." Gabriel Garcia Mrquez, "A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings." Ray Bradbury, "There Will Come Soft Rains." Suggestions for Writing. 7. Humor and Irony. Reviewing Chapter Seven. Lorrie Moore, "You''re Ugly, Too," Mark Twain, "Cannibalism in the Cars." Albert Camus, "The Guest." John Updike, "A & P." Suggestions for Writing. 8. Evaluating Fiction. Reviewing Chapter Eight. Guy de Maupassant, "The Necklace." Edith Wharton, "Roman Fever. Suggestions for Writing. THREE FEATURED WRITERS. D. H. Lawrence, "Odour of Chrysanthemums," "The Horse-Dealer''s Daughter." "The Rocking-Horse Winner." Flannery O''Connor, "A Good Man Is Hard to Find." "Good Country People." "Everything That Rises Must Converge." Joyce Carol Oates, "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?" "Life After High School." "A Brutal Murder in a Public Place." STORIES FOR FURTHER READING. Raymond Carver, "What We Talk about When We Talk about Love." Kate Chopin, "The Story of an Hour." William Faulkner, "A Rose for Emily." Susan Glaspell, "A Jury of Her Peers." Zora Neale Hurston, "Spunk." Henry James, "The Real Thing." Jhumpa Lahiri, "Interpreter of Maladies." Ursula K. Le Guin, "The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas." Bernard Malamud, "The Magic Barrel," Herman Melville, "Bartleby the Scrivener." Edgar Allan Poe, "The Cask of Amontillado." Poetry. THE ELEMENTS OF POETRY. 1. What Is Poetry? Alfred, Lord Tennyson, "The Eagle." William Shakespeare, "Winter." Wilfred Owen, "Dulce et Decorum Est." Reviewing Chapter One. Understanding and Evaluating Poetry. William Shakespeare, "Shall I compare thee to a summer''s day?" Robert Hayden, "The Whipping." Emily Dickinson, "I like a look of Agony." Gwendolyn Brooks, "The Bean Eaters." William Carlos Williams, "The Red Wheelbarrow." Lawrence Ferlinghetti, "Constantly risking absurdity." Elizabeth Bishop, "Filling Station." Langston Hughes, "Suicide''s Note." Cleopatra Mathis, "Survival: A Guide." Billy Collins, "Introduction to Poetry." Linda Pastan, "Prosody 101." Suggestions for Writing. 2. Reading the Poem. Thomas Hardy, "The Man He Killed." Philip Larkin, "A Study of Reading Habits." A. E. Housman, "Is my team plowing." Reviewing Chapter Two. John Donne, "Break of Day." Emily Dickinson, "There''s been a Death, in the Opposite House." Ted Hughes, "Hawk Roosting." John Keats, "Ode on Melancholy." Elizabeth Bishop, "In the Waiting Room." Sylvia Plath, "Mirror." Natasha Trethewey, "Collection Day." Linda Pastan, "Ethics." Adrienne Rich, "Storm Warnings." Suggestions for Writing. 3. Denotation and Connotation. Emily Dickinson, "There is no Frigate like a Book." William Shakespeare, "When my love swears that she is made of truth." Mary Oliver, "Spring in the Classroom." Exercises. Reviewing Chapter Three. Langston Hughes, "Cross." William Wordsworth, "The world is too much with us." Robert Frost, "Desert Places." Natasha Trethewey, "Accounting." Sharon Olds, "35/10." Kay Ryan, "Tree Heart/True Heart." Suggestions for Writing. 4. Imagery. Robert Browning, "Meeting at Night." Robert Browning, "Parting at Morning." Exercises. Reviewing Chapter Four. Gerard Manley Hopkins, "Spring." William Carlos Williams, "The Widow''s Lament in Springtime." Emily Dickinson, "I felt a Funeral, in my Brain." Adrienne Rich, "Living in Sin." Seamus Heaney, "The Forge." Robert Frost, "After Apple-Picking." Robert Hayden, "Those Winter Sundays." Elizabeth Bishop, "Electrical Storm." Wallace Stevens, "The Snow Man." John Keats, "To Autumn." Suggestions for Writing. 5. Figurative Language 1: Simile, Metaphor, Personification, Apostrophe, Metonymy. Langston Hughes, "Harlem." Emily Dickinson, "It sifts from Leaden Sieves." Anne Bradstreet, "The Author to Her Book." John Keats, "Bright Star." Exercise. Reviewing Chapter Five. Linda Pastan, "Traveling Light." Emily Dickinson, "I taste a liquor never brewed." Sylvia Plath, "Metaphors." Philip Larkin, "Toads." John Donne, "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning." Andrew Marvell, "To His Coy Mistress." Suggestions for Writing. 6. Figurative Language 2: Symbol, Allegory. Robert Frost, "The Road Not Taken." Walt Whitman, "A Noiseless Patient Spider." William Blake, "The Sick Rose." Seamus Heaney, "Digging." Robert Herrick, "To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time." George Herbert, "Peace." Exercises. Reviewing Chapter Six. Elizabeth Bishop, "Pink Dog." Richard Wilbur, "The Writer." Clive James, "Whitman and the Moth." Robert Frost, "Fire and Ice." Sylvia Plath, "Lady Lazarus." Emily Dickinson, "Because I could not stop for Death." John Donne, "Hymn to God My God, in My Sickness." Alfred, Lord Tennyson, "Ulysses." Suggestions for Writing. 7. Figurative Language 3: Paradox, Overstatement, Understatement, Irony. Emily Dickinson, "Much Madness is divinest Sense." John Donne, "The Sun Rising." Countee Cullen, "Incident." Marge Piercy, "Barbie Doll." William Blake, "The Chimney Sweeper." Percy Bysshe Shelley, "Ozymandias." Exercise. Reviewing Chapter Seven. William Wordsworth, "A slumber did my spirit seal." John Donne, "Batter my heart, three-personed God." Seamus Heaney, "Mid-Term Break." W. H. Auden, "The Unknown Citizen." Lucille Clifton, "in the inner city." Linda Pastan, "The Gardener." Robert Browning, "My Last Duchess." Suggestions for Writing. 8. Allusion. Robert Frost, "Out, Out-". William Shakespeare from Macbeth ("She should have died hereafter"). Reviewing Chapter Eight. Linda Pastan, "The Maypole." e. e. Cummings, "in Just-." John Milton, "On His Blindness." Edwin Arlington Robinson, "Miniver Cheevy." Sharon Olds, "My Son the Man." Margaret Atwood, "Siren Song." T. S. Eliot, "Journey of the Magi." William Butler Yeats, "Leda and the Swan." David Musgrave, "On the Inevitable Decline into Mediocrity of the Popular Musician Who Attains a Comfortable Middle Age." Suggestions for Writing. 9. Meaning and Idea. A. E. Housman, "Loveliest of Trees." Robert Frost, "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening." Reviewing Chapter Nine. Elizabeth Bishop, "Cootchie." Robert Frost, "Design." e. e. cummings, "O sweet spontaneous." Walt Whitman, "When I Heard the Learn''d Astronomer." John Keats, "On the Sonnet." Billy Collins, "Sonnet." Natasha Trethewey, "Southern History." Rita Dove, "Kentucky, 1833." William Blake, "The Lamb." William Blake, "The Tiger." Suggestions for Writing. 10. Tone. Denise Levertov, "To the Snake." Emily Dickinson, "A narrow Fellow in the Grass." Michael Drayton, "Since there''s no help." Billy Collins, "Picnic, Lightning." Reviewing Chapter Ten. William Shakespeare, "My mistress'' eyes." Alfred, Lord Tennyson, "Crossing the Bar." Thomas Hardy, "The Oxen." John Donne, "The Flea." Elizabeth Bishop, "Exchanging Hats." Natasha Trethewey, "History Lesson." Matthew Arnold, "Dover Beach." Philip Larkin, "Church Going." Suggestions for Writing. 11. Musical Devices. Ogden Nash, "The Turtle." W. H. Auden, "That night when joy began." Theodore Roethke, "The Waking." Gerard Manley Hopkins, "God''s Grandeur." Exercise. Reviewing Chapter Eleven. William Shakespeare, "Blow, blow, thou winter wind." Gwendolyn Brooks, "We Real Cool." Maya Angelou, "Woman Work." Edgar Allan Poe, "The Bells." Sharon Olds, "Rite of Passage." Mary Oliver, "Music Lessons." William Stafford, "Traveling through the dark." Suggestions for Writing. 12. Rhythm and Meter. George Herbert, "Virtue." Exercises. Reviewing Chapter Twelve. William Blake, "Introduction" to "Songs of Innocence." Walt Whitman, "Had I the Choice." George Gordon, Lord Byron, "Stanzas." Elizabeth Bishop, "Insomnia." Sylvia Plath, "Old Ladies'' Home." Linda Pastan, "To a Daughter Leaving Home." Robert Browning, "Porphyria''s Lover." Alfred, Lord Tennyson, "Break, break, break." Anne Sexton, "Her Kind." Suggestions for Writing. 13. Sound and Meaning. Anonymous, "Pease Porridge Hot." A. E. Housman, "Eight O''Clock." Alexander Po

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