Description: ContributorsIntroduction: Penal Policies at the Beginning of the Twenty-First CenturyThe Importance of Penal PolicyThe Determinants of Penal PolicyThe Transferability of Penal PolicyThe Spread of InnovationOne: Penal Developments in AmericaThe Punitiveness StoryThe Sentencing StoryThe Fragmntation StoryThe United StatesMichael Tonry: U.S. Sentencing Systems FragmentingKevin R. Reitz: The Status of Sentencing Guideline Reforms in the United StatesKatherine Beckett: Political Preoccupation with Crime Leads, Not Follows, Public OpinionKatherine Beckett and Bruce Western: The Penal System as Labor Market Institution: Jobs and Jails, 1980-1995Michael Tonry: Why are U.S. Incarceration Rates So High?Early State Guidelines SystemsRichard D. Van Wagenen: Washington State Sentencing Changes, 1994-1997Fritz Rauschenberg: Ohio Guidelines Take EffectCynthia Kempinen: Pennsylvania Revises Sentencing GuidelinesNorth CarolinaRonald F. Wright: North Carolina Prepares for Guidelines SentencingRobin L. Lubitz: Sentencing Changes in North CarolinaRonald F. Wright: Flexibility in North Carolina Structured Sentencing, 1995-1997Two: Penal Developments in Europe and JapanAndr Kuhn: Incarceration Rates across the WorldScandinaviaBritta Kyvsgaard: Penal Sanctions and the Use of Imprisonment in DenmarkNils Jareborg: Sentencing Law, Policy, and Patterns in SwedenPaul Larsson: Norway Prison Use Up Slightly, Community Penalties LotsPatrik Trnudd: Sentencing and Punishment in FinlandTapio Lappi-Seppl: Recent Trends in Finnish Sentencing PolicyGermanyHans-Jrg Albrecht: Sentencing and Punishment in GermanyFranceAnnie Kensey and Pierre Tournier: French Prison Numbers Stable since 1988, but Populations ChangingNetherlandsPeter J. P. Tak: Sentencing and Punishment in the NetherlandsPeter J. P. Tak and Anton M. van Kalmthout: Prison Population Growing Faster in the Netherlands than in the United StatesGerrit Scurer and Reinier van Loon: The Netherlands Adopts Numerical Prosecution GuidelinesAnton M. van Kalmthout and Peter J. P. Tak: New Sanctions Proliferating in the NetherlandsJosine Junger-Tas: Dutch Penal Policies Changing DirectionSwitzerlandMartin Killias, Marcelo F. Aebi, Andr Kuhn, and Simone Rnez: Sentencing in Switzerland in 2000JapanPrison Population in Japan Stable for 30 YearsThree: Penal Developments in English-Speaking CountriesAustraliaArie Freiberg: Sentencing and Punishment in Australia in the 1990sArie Freiberg: Prison Populations Up, Sentencing Policy Harsher in AustraliaArie Freiberg: Understanding Rising Prison Populations in AustraliaCanadaJulian V. Roberts: Reforming Sentencing and Parole in CanadaJane B. Sprott and Anthony N. Doob: Imprisonment Rates in Canada: One Law, 10 OutcomesEngland/WalesAndrew Ashworth: New Sentencing Laws Take Effect in EnglandRod Morgan: English Penal Policies and Prisons: Going for BrokeMichael Hough and Julian V. Roberts: English Believe Sentences Soft and Crime RisingRod Morgan: Imprisonment in England and Wales: Flood Tide, but on the Turn?Andrew Ashworth: English Sentencing: From Enlightenment to Darkness in a DecadeIrelandIan O'Donnell: Sentencing and Punishment in IrelandReferencesAcknowledgments

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