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The controversy started almost the moment the atomic bomb dropped by the Enola Gay exploded over Hiroshima, killing eighty thousand mostly civilian Japanese. At first the objections came from moralists, condemning the bomb as inherently evil.
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By July 1946, with the issuance of Paul Nitze's seemingly authoritative Strategic Bombing Survey, however, President Truman's motives for ordering the A-bomb attacks came under fire. This smoldering historical controversy finally burst into public prominence as World War II Air Force veterans rose up to protest the condemnatory tone of the planned Smithsonian exhibit of the Enola Gay at the National Air and Space Museum.

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